195 lines
4.1 KiB
Markdown
195 lines
4.1 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: C# 7
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category: C-like
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updated: 2018-12-06
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prism_languages: [csharp]
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description: |
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A quick overview of C# 7
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---
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### Out Variables
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```csharp
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public void PrintCoordinates(Point p)
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{
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p.GetCoordinates(out int x, out int y);
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WriteLine($"({x}, {y})");
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}
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```
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`out` is used to declare a variable at the point where it is passed as an argument.
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### Pattern Matching
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#### Is-expressions with patterns
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```csharp
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public void PrintStars(object o)
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{
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if (o is null) return; // constant pattern "null"
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if (!(o is int i)) return; // type pattern "int i"
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WriteLine(new string('*', i));
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}
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```
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#### Switch statements with patterns
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```csharp
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switch(shape)
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{
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case Circle c:
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WriteLine($"circle with radius {c.Radius}");
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break;
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case Rectangle s when (s.Length == s.Height):
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WriteLine($"{s.Length} x {s.Height} square");
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break;
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case Rectangle r:
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WriteLine($"{r.Length} x {r.Height} rectangle");
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break;
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default:
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WriteLine("<unknown shape>");
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break;
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case null:
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throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(shape));
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}
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```
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### Tuples
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#### Tuple type
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```csharp
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(string, string, string) LookupName(long id) // tuple return type
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{
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... // retrieve first, middle and last from data storage
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return (first, middle, last); // tuple literal
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}
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```
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```csharp
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var names = LookupName(id);
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WriteLine($"found {names.Item1} {names.Item3}.");
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```
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#### Tuple elements with name
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```csharp
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(string first, string middle, string last) LookupName(long id) // tuple elements have names
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```
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```csharp
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var names = LookupName(id);
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WriteLine($"found {names.first} {names.last}.");
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```
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#### Tuple Literals
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```csharp
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return (first: first, middle: middle, last: last); // named tuple elements in a literal
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```
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#### Tuple Deconstruction
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```csharp
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(var first, var middle, var last) = LookupName(id1);
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WriteLine($"found {first} {last}.");
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```
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or
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```csharp
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var (first, middle, last) = LookupName(id1); // var outside
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```
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or
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```csharp
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(first, middle, last) = LookupName(id2); // assign onto existing variables
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```
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### Local Functions
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```csharp
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public int Fibonacci(int x)
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{
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if (x < 0) throw new ArgumentException("Less negativity please!", nameof(x));
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return Fib(x).current;
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(int current, int previous) Fib(int i)
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{
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if (i == 0) return (1, 0);
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var (p, pp) = Fib(i - 1);
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return (p + pp, p);
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}
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}
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```
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### Literal Improvements
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#### Digit Separator inside numbers literals
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```csharp
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var d = 123_456;
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var x = 0xAB_CD_EF;
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```
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#### Binary Literals
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```csharp
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var b = 0b1010_1011_1100_1101_1110_1111;
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```
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### Ref Returns and Locals
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```csharp
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public ref int Find(int number, int[] numbers)
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{
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for (int i = 0; i < numbers.Length; i++)
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{
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if (numbers[i] == number)
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{
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return ref numbers[i]; // return the storage location, not the value
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}
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}
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throw new IndexOutOfRangeException($"{nameof(number)} not found");
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}
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int[] array = { 1, 15, -39, 0, 7, 14, -12 };
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ref int place = ref Find(7, array); // aliases 7's place in the array
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place = 9; // replaces 7 with 9 in the array
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WriteLine(array[4]); // prints 9
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```
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### More Expression Bodied Members
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C# 7.0 adds accessors, constructors and finalizers to the list of things that can have expression bodies:
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```csharp
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class Person
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{
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private static ConcurrentDictionary<int, string> names = new ConcurrentDictionary<int, string>();
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private int id = GetId();
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public Person(string name) => names.TryAdd(id, name); // constructors
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~Person() => names.TryRemove(id, out *); // destructors
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public string Name
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{
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get => names[id]; // getters
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set => names[id] = value; // setters
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}
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}
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```
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### Throw Expressions
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```csharp
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class Person
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{
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public string Name { get; }
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public Person(string name) => Name = name ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(name);
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public string GetFirstName()
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{
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var parts = Name.Split(" ");
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return (parts.Length > 0) ? parts[0] : throw new InvalidOperationException("No name!");
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}
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public string GetLastName() => throw new NotImplementedException();
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}
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```
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