---
title: Git revisions
category: Git
updated: 2017-10-11
description: ""
intro: |
  A list of revision specifications you can use with `git log` and many other Git commands. Summarized from `gitrevisions(7)` man page.
---

### Example usages

| _`git log`_ `master...develop`  | inspect differences in branches         |
| _`git rebase -i`_ `HEAD~3`      | rebase last 3 commits                   |
| _`git reset --hard`_ `HEAD@{2}` | undo last operation that changed HEAD   |
| _`git checkout`_ `v2^{}`        | checkout the `v2` tag (not `v2` branch) |
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The 3rd argument in each of these commands is a `gitrevision`. These gitrevisions can be passed to many Git commands.

### Common git revisions

| Reference                    | Description                                     |
| ---                          | ---                                             |
| _`git show`_ `dae68e1`       | sha1                                            |
| _`git show`_ `HEAD`          | reference                                       |
| _`git show`_ `v1.0.0`        | tag                                             |
| ---                          | ---                                             |
| _`git show`_ `master`        | local branch                                    |
| _`git show`_ `origin/master` | remote branch                                   |
| ---                          | ---                                             |
| _`git show`_ `master~2`      | 2 commits back from master                      |
| ---                          | ---                                             |
| _`git show`_ `master..fix`   | reachable from *fix* but not *master*           |
| _`git show`_ `master...fix`  | reachable from *fix* and *master*, but not both |
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These are just the common ones, there's a lot more below! (These work in many other commands, not just `git show`.)

## Reference

### Commits

| _`git checkout`_ `dae68e1` | sha1 |
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### References

| Example                          | Description                       |
| ---                              | ---                               |
| _`git checkout`_ `HEAD`          | reference                         |
| _`git checkout`_ `master`        | branch                            |
| _`git checkout`_ `v1.0.0`        | tag                               |
| ---                              | ---                               |
| _`git checkout`_ `origin/master` | aka, *refs/remotes/origin/master* |
| _`git checkout`_ `heads/master`  | aka, *refs/heads/master*          |
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### Searching back

| Example                               | Description                              |
| ---                                   | ---                                      |
| _`git checkout`_ `master@{yesterday}` | also *1 day ago*, etc                    |
| _`git checkout`_ `master@{2}`         | 2nd prior value                          |
| _`git checkout`_ `master@{push}`      | where *master* would push to             |
| ---                                   | ---                                      |
| _`git checkout`_ `master^`            | parent commit                            |
| _`git checkout`_ `master^2`           | 2nd parent, eg, what it merged           |
| _`git checkout`_ `master~5`           | 5 parents back                           |
| _`git checkout`_ `master^0`           | this commit; disambiguates from tags     |
| ---                                   | ---                                      |
| _`git checkout`_ `v0.99.8^{tag}`      | can be *commit*, *tag*, *tree*, *object* |
| _`git checkout`_ `v0.99.8^{}`         | defaults to *{tag}*                      |
| ---                                   | ---                                      |
| _`git checkout`_ `":/fix bug"`        | searches commit messages                 |
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### Other

| `HEAD:README` | ...          |
| `0:README`    | (0 to 3) ... |

## Ranges

### Ranges

| _`git log`_ `master`       | reachable parents from master                   |
| _`git log`_ `^master`      | exclude reachable parents from master           |
| _`git log`_ `master..fix`  | reachable from *fix* but not *master*           |
| _`git log`_ `master...fix` | reachable from *fix* and *master*, but not both |
| _`git log`_ `HEAD^@`       | parents of *HEAD*                               |
| _`git log`_ `HEAD^!`       | *HEAD*, then excluding parents's ancestors      |
| _`git log`_ `HEAD^{:/fix}` | search previous *HEAD*s matching criteria       |
{: .-mute-em}

### Ranges illustration

```nohighlight
A ─┬─ E ── F ── G   master
   │
   └─ B ── C ── D   fix
```
{: .-box-chars.-setup}

| _`git log`_ `master..fix`  | BCD         |
| _`git log`_ `master...fix` | BCD and EFG |
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## References

* [Git Tools - Revision Selection](https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gitrevisions.html) _(git-scm.com)_
* [gitrevisions(7)](https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/gitrevisions.html) _(kernel.org)_